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Aboriginal Fishing

Aboriginal fishing in Canada has come to the forefront of national consciousness since the native peoples complained about their access to fish, or lack thereof. The Canadian Supreme Court has ruled that conservation holds first priority over everything, but after that the aboriginal rights to fish for ?food, social and ceremonial purposes? take priority over other claims.

That decision was handed down in 1990, and subsequent to that decision a dialog was opened with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada regarding their customs and needs for various types of fish across Canada. Agreements were negotiated regarding a wide variety of fish and habitats, as well as management of fisheries.

Co-operative management programs were developed that manage, protect and benefit the fish population so that both harvests and production can be balanced for the benefit of all parties. Aboriginal Canadians are now involved in the development of habitat, monitoring and management of fish populations, and fisheries management practices. Aboriginal peoples no longer have to worry that their supply of fish will be depleted by other peoples, tourism or commercial fishing.

Aboriginal fishing has historically been a mainstay of peoples along the Canadian coasts. From hunting seals to harvesting clams and mussels, the marine environment provided food, clothing, as well as decorative items, like walrus tusks that could be carved into necklaces or other items.

Fish both in rivers and in the ocean were harvested by Aboriginal people. Archaeological evidence has shown that salmon, gaspereau, striped bass, and other fish were regularly caught. Stone spearheads and axes, as well as weirs made from woven branches and nets made from woven grasses were all tools used to catch the fish that meant the difference between eating and starving for Aboriginal peoples.

Fish, of course, leave few records of their presence because the thin bones decompose too fast. But some of these fish were dried or smoked, and leftovers from those types of preparations have survived, telling us quite a bit about how heavily the Aboriginal population relied on fishing.

The shellfish leave much more of a record, and so the types of shellfish that were harvested and eaten are better known. Middens, or large piles of discarded shells, are still to be found in New England and parts of Canada.

Arrival of European settlers changed the landscape for Aboriginal fishing. Overfishing, encroachment of traditional Aboriginal fishing areas, and habitat destruction created a crisis that was brought to a head by the ?Sparrow? court decision in 1990.

Since that time a balance has been sought. All parties understand that destruction of the fish populations and species will serve no party. Fisheries provide a service, but wild fish also need to be preserved. Recent research has shown differences between the wild and farm-raised populations, and the management programs seeks to ensure that neither population will be lost.

While Aboriginal fishing will never be able to return to the style of yesterday, with grass nets, bone spears and undisturbed habitat, today?s cooperative management practices represent good progress toward a goal of assuring that fish populations and fishing traditions will not be lost.

frank j vanderlugt owns and operates http://www.canadian-fishing-now.com Canadian Fishing

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